Koi Tū logo

How should we fund the transport system in the future?

Purpose

Te Manatū Waka Ministry of Transport is undertaking a long-term programme of work to engage with different people, industries, and local stakeholders. It is testing a different way to engage with stakeholders and the public on complex issues early, to help inform future policy work. Such engagement may contribute to dealing with big issues like climate change resilience and the design of our cities.

This project is being run with support from Koi Tū: The Centre for Informed Futures, which is part of the University of Auckland, in collaboration with PEP Public Engagement Projects.

We want to enable New Zealand to move with confidence and certainty towards a new, or renewed, transport revenue system that will be fit for purpose for the next 30 to 50 years. This recognises that any change to the system is a major undertaking that will affect all New Zealanders.

What are we doing?

In stage 1 we ran an innovative public conversation forum called Pol.is that allowed us to listen to a wide range of people and understand different perspectives.

In stage 2 we will host a set of deliberative workshops, where a select group of citizens will join the conversation in person and learn more about the issues.

The workshops aim to gather groups of 20-30 participants who reflect the population, to engage in constructive discussion about what is a reasonable and fair way to fund the transport system as we move towards a zero-carbon future.

Workshops are being planned for February and March 2023, in North and South Auckland, Waikato and Christchurch. Register your interest here if you would like to participate.

About Pol.is

Pol.is is an online tool that helps gather and make sense of open-ended feedback from large groups of people. Participants added their own short statements for others to ‘vote’ on (agree, disagree or pass). This approach combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

What is the conversation about?

This conversation is about how we will fund our land transport system into the future. This includes:

  • making, repairing and maintaining the roads we drive on,
  • developing and operating our public transport networks,
  • creating walking pathways and cycling lanes.

We need to think about not just cars, but motorbikes, trucks, buses. trains, walking and cycling, and newer forms of transport like e-scooters and car-sharing services. We’re particularly interested in thoughts about how funds should be raised and allocated, and the ideas behind why people think what they do.

How is the transport system currently funded?

Anyone using New Zealand’s roads contributes towards their upkeep. Most road users pay levies when they buy petrol (fuel excise duty, or FED). Others, such as drivers of light diesel vehicles and heavy vehicles like trucks, pay through road user charges (RUC). Some funding comes from general taxation and local government rates. Electric vehicles don’t currently pay RUC, but will from 2024.

The National Land Transport Fund (NLTF) is a dedicated fund that pays for state highways and motorways, about 50% of local roads, cycling and walking infrastructure, and more than 50% of public transport subsidies. It also funds traffic policing. 95% of the revenue for the NLTF comes from FED and RUC.

Usually (covid aside) the NLTF collects around $4 billion annually to be allocated for the transport system. The amount collected depends on the number of kilometres we travel. If road vehicles are used less in future, less revenue will be collected.

Rail is able to receive funding from the NLTF but is largely funded by the government from general taxes. Other large projects can also receive separate government funding.

The other half of local road provision is funded by local councils. The remaining share of public transport subsidies are funded by Regional Councils. Most of this local share is raised from property rates. Rates are based on property values that reflect how accessible the property is, so act as a proxy for transport system use.

This funding partnership between central and local government reflects the decisions that are made at national, regional and local levels.

Challenges to the current funding model

While the revenue system has functioned well over the last four decades, it is facing funding challenges to pay for the maintenance and improvement of roading, to accommodate the shifts in travel that we are expecting over the next 10+ years and to meet rising expectations that the transport system promotes well-being, equity, fairness and participation.

In planning for a future revenue system these considerations (and more) will need to be taken into account.

  • Our system relies on revenue coming in from road-based travel by vehicles. This has provided a stable and increasing source of revenue over many years, but…
  • To meet our emissions reductions goals, New Zealand will need to achieve a 20% reduction in Vehicle Kilometres Travelled  through improved urban form and providing better travel options, particularly in our largest cities. This will reduce the amount of revenue coming in. This isn’t a problem yet, but will become increasingly felt over the next 10 years and beyond.
  • We are seeing also increasing demands for:
    • a range of investments, including replacing big investments from last century
    • new developments like light rail that shape urban growth including encouraging denser housing and new commercial opportunities
    • more public transport
  • Our current revenue system has been world leading, but it wasn’t designed to meet these emerging needs, and it relies on road-travel.

Different perspectives, beliefs and values affect how we see solutions

As with any complex policy issue, people have different perspectives about what the goals should be, the principles that should underpin these goals and what actions we should take to achieve them.

Below are four perspectives, developed from our research so far, that indicate ways of funding a transport system that will undergo significant change over the next 30 years.

These perspectives are not exhaustive, there will be others. They are not government policy statements. They represent different beliefs and values about how a future transport system could be funded. The starting statements for the Pol.is come from these hypothetical perspectives. Hopefully, they will stimulate your thinking about this important societal issue.

Perspective 1 – Building off what we already haveclick to expand

Our system of fuel excise duty (FED), road user charges (RUCs) and rates means that those who use our roads and ratepayers pay for maintenance and improvement, as well as contributing to public transport and other parts of the transport system.

According to Te Manatū Waka Ministry of Transport:

“Our RUC system is world-leading in the way it recovers the cost of damage caused by heavy vehicles and the distance travelled by light diesel vehicles, and along with FED it has provided a stable source of revenue with low collection costs … RUC aims to ensure that operators of vehicles that cause the damage pay the appropriate amount. This approach remains key, but the current system does not recognise other costs imposed by vehicle use, such as pollution or congestion.”

 

Roads will continue to account for most movement of people and freight and are critical infrastructure for New Zealand’s wellbeing and prosperity. The current roading system promotes these objectives and the current revenue system is efficient and simple. So, what’s the problem?

 

Possible actions

  • The current transport system could continue to be paid for by road users through FED and RUC, with contributions to local roads from rates
  • New forms of transport that contribute to the ‘public good’ could be funded from general taxation, decided on by politicians
  • Waka Kotahi NZTA should be allowed to borrow more using its own balance sheet for roading maintenance and upgrades
  • Charge all vehicles that use the roading system including electric vehicles, scooters and bikes

Arguments for

  • Debt financing as a way to raise funding is appropriate as future generations will benefit
  • The need for well maintained roads and new roads will always be necessary even if there is a shift to electric vehicles
  • FED and RUC mean people pay for the distance travelled, and so ensure that those who use the roads more, pay more. Those users have a fair expectation for decent roads. The system is quite simple, efficient and well understood. A more complex system could cost more to administer.
  • The externalities associated with private transport – e.g., greenhouse gas emissions and accident costs, are already covered by the Emissions Trading Scheme and ACC

Arguments against

  • The arguments for the existing funding mechanisms don’t clearly address fundamental questions like who and what transport investment is for
  • The current revenue system could be seen to favour drivers and road users over other forms of transport. This makes it more difficult to encourage people to travel in an environmentally friendly way, and provide them with good alternatives to car-based travel.
  • The current revenue system may not meet all the costs of pollution, biodiversity loss, congestion, health impacts
  • Retaining the existing revenue system may not meet the challenges of funding the large multi-generational infrastructure projects we could need in future
  • If there is more debt financing, there will be costs of paying back that debt – which could mean paying more in FED and RUC.
  • The current system is not always equally available and affordable for all groups such as the young, the elderly and those on low incomes

Perspective 2 – The environmental sustainability perspectiveclick to expand

Funding priorities need to shift from a focus on roads and private vehicles to more sustainable forms of transport. We need to reduce carbon emissions, the effects of pollution, biodiversity loss and harm to human health.

We have to move to a revenue model that drives a shift in how we use transport, one that encourages people to use public transport, rideshare, move to active modes e.g. walking and cycling and more personal uses of technology such as e-scooters. We also need to (re)design our urban centres to encourage the opportunities and infrastructure that allows such a shift in modes to occur.

A shift to an environmentally sustainable transport system based on the principles of equity and fairness, sustainability, safety, health, and access can be achieved by using innovative funding mechanisms that will help motivate the behaviour change required. These funding innovations could include:

 

Possible actions

  • Construction of new roads could be cut-back and those funds transferred to supporting other modes.
  • Implement innovative mechanisms such as digital pay-as-you-drive and congestion or pollution charging
  • Increase urban density which makes public transport and active forms of transport more viable and attractive

Arguments for

  • Reducing car usage and the kilometres travelled will reduce transport emissions
  • A move away from cars will significantly reduce the emotional, psychological and economic costs of road deaths and accidents
  • Fewer vehicles means less need for maintenance and road improvements and more funding that can be shifted to improving other modes of transport
  • Investing in mode shift will have ongoing benefits for future generations, so the funding for them can be spread over time
  • A system that encourages us to use transport differently could mean , new business models and innovations help fund the necessary changes

Arguments against

  • Many of these revenue raising schemes are either untested or would never meet all the costs of both maintaining and improving the transport system
  • Drivers already pay for the use of roads. Charges such as tolls or congestion charging are unfair additional costs
  • Externalities such as greenhouse gases are already covered by the Emissions Trading Scheme
  • Those on low incomes and people who live in the provinces and rural areas would be unfairly affected because they would not have access to the same kinds of public transport

Perspective 3 – Societal and cultural considerationsclick to expand

There is more to transport than getting from A to B as effortlessly and efficiently as possible. The way we travel, and the cost of travel, has social and cultural consequences. If not addressed, these can lead to issues of inequality and a transport system that doesn’t serve different kinds of people.

Thinking about what a future revenue system should look like must take into account the needs of many people including Māori, Pacifica, young people, women, the working poor, rural and provincial communities, and the disabled. We need a revenue system that provides equal opportunities for people to participate in society. Achieving this goal will lead to improved economic, social, employment and health outcomes. It’s important these people have more of a say in how the transport system serves the needs of communities.

 

Possible Actions

  • Prioritise transport system changes that improve the well-being, health, social connectedness, etc of disadvantaged communities
  • Provide disadvantaged groups with appropriate opportunities to participate in decision-making and goal setting processes about future transport systems and how this should be funded
  • Make sure our analysis for decisions on transport also include social costs, not just economic outcomes.
  • If new transport projects mean property values increase, those who benefit should contribute funds to that project

Arguments for

  • A just transport system is hugely important to other areas of economic and social policy, including housing, employment, planning, health and education
  • A just transport system will be positive economically, culturally, and socially for individuals, whānau and communities
  • Greater democratic participation of disadvantaged groups will lead to better town planning, efficient transport outcomes, and improved social cohesion
  • The transport system should be shaped by a diverse range of users who need different things

Arguments against

  • The way to approach people disadvantaged by the current transport system is to invest more in infrastructure and services so we get both economic growth, better roads, railways, public transport and we can deal with disadvantage. Alternatively, the welfare system may be the best way of reducing disadvantage, for example by providing higher levels of subsidy for lower income people
  • A well-functioning transport system should focus on transport and not get caught up in wider social and cultural issues

Perspective 4 – A market solutionclick to expand

If we are serious about how to raise revenue for the future transport system, then we should get the private sector much more involved.

It is a well-established principle that the private sector is an efficient and effective manager and owner of assets. This is because market mechanisms encourage innovation, risk taking, and entrepreneurship. They also direct resources to where they can be best used to satisfy customer needs and wants. The use of market mechanisms to raise revenue for the transport system would promote the principles of efficiency, fairness, property rights and innovation.

 

Possible actions

  • Allow and encourage roads to be privately owned similarto Sweden and Finland
  • Allow the private sector to collect revenue using tolls and other innovative technologies (e.g, GPS technologies)
  • Allow more private competition in the provision of public transport, car share initiatives, and personal transport to reduce the tax burden
  • Make much greater use of public/private partnerships to inject private sector money and expertise into the transport system

Arguments for

  • We trust the market to produce the bulk of our consumer goods and capital equipment. We should do the same for roads and the provision of all transport
  • The private sector is inherently good at the continual change, innovation and disruption needed to unleash transport innovation
  • The market can cope with the complexities of a transport system because sometimes bureaucracies don’t have all the information a market provides
  • Using the private sector would give a stronger connection between cost of infrastructure and the price paid by users or those who benefit. They will make sure costs are covered before going ahead on a project

Arguments against

  • The private sector focuses on making profits, not providing excellent service. Uneconomic roads and services would not generate revenue to cover their costs.
  • Privatisation costs you more: you pay more as a taxpayer and as a user of the service
  • In a privatised service, profits must be paid to shareholders, not reinvested in better services
  • You don’t get a democratic voice
  • If lots of private companies are involved in delivering a public service, this can create a complicated, fragmented system where it’s not always clear who’s doing what
  • Private companies cherry pick the profitable bits of a service so they can make as much money as possible which means some people don’t get the services they need

Are you interested in what New Zealand’s land transport system should look like in the future?

What do you think might be a fair way to fund it?

We are planning the next stage of this project.

If you would like to be involved please leave your email address by clicking the register button above, and we will keep you updated.